The history of money

Tracing the evolution of money from Barter to Bitcoin

Framing the Discussion: Inflation — The Silent Tax
Understanding the system by design

Inflation isn't an accident—it's built into the system by design.

Protection from inflation is also built into the system, through "assets."

To understand both, we need to trace the history of money.

Inflation steadily erodes purchasing power, quietly undermining peace of mind and turning life into a perpetual race to keep up.

Money as a Social Technology
A tool that exists through shared trust

Money = Information that coordinates trade and exchange value

Money emerges from people's trust in key properties:

Scarcity

Durability

Divisibility

Portability

Verifiability

Fungibility

Like language or the internet, money works because we agree to use it. It's a tool that only exists through shared trust.

Sound Money: A standard for money that holds value across time and space.

Origins of Exchange
From barter to early monetary experiments

Barter System

Direct trade of goods/services

Limitations:

  • Coincidence of wants required
  • Indivisibility of goods
  • No common measure of value

Community Money Experiments

Cowrie ShellsAfrica & Asia

Portable and durable, but collapsed when Europeans imported them in bulk.

Rai StonesYap Island

Strong social trust, but scarcity was undermined by technology.

Key Insight: Early monies worked until external forces broke their scarcity.

The Rise of Monetary Metals
Gold and silver as base layers

Gold and Silver were used as base layers: durable, divisible, and scarce.

Gold used as a store of value, silver for smaller transactions.

Inflation tied to mining output – slow, predictable, costly to increase.

Societies converged on precious metals due to their unique characteristics.

Paper Promises
The transition to trust-based systems

Gold Standard Act of 1900

Gold-backed paper money: easier to carry, but dependent on trust.

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

A private, unelected institution with full control of the money supply.

  • Expands credit and manages interest rates
  • Further centralizing monetary control

Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944

A global agreement where currencies were tied to USD → USD redeemable in gold.

Fractional reserve banking weakened trust (printing more dollars than gold in reserves).

The Shift to Debt Money
1971: The Nixon Shock

1971: Nixon ends Bretton Woods, USD no longer redeemable in gold.

New system: debt-backed currency through credit expansion.

Governments issue bonds, businesses and individuals use credit → perpetual inflation.

Wealth transfers from savers to asset holders.

Comparing Monies Throughout History
Evaluating monetary properties across different systems
Money TypeScarcityDurabilityPortabilityDivisibilityVerifiabilityFungibility
Barter
low
high
medium
low
medium
low
Rai Stones
medium
high
low
low
medium
low
Cowrie Shells
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
Gold
high
high
medium
medium
high
high
Gold-backed Fiat
medium
medium
high
high
medium
medium
Debt Fiat
low
low
very high
very high
medium
medium

Key Observations: Barter had low portability and scalability. Rai Stones and Shells had high local trust but were weak globally. Gold provided a strong store of value but poor portability (centralized). Gold-backed fiat was convenient but trust-dependent. Debt fiat has maximum portability but the weakest store of value.

Enter... Bitcoin
Purposely engineered to excel as money

Fixed supply – absolute scarcity (21 million cap)

Borderless portability – send anywhere, instantly

Infinite divisibility – down to 100 millionth (satoshi)

Instantly verifiable – by math, not trust

Resistant to debasement – no arbitrary control

Money TypeScarcityDurabilityPortabilityDivisibilityVerifiabilityFungibility
Gold
high
high
low
medium
high
high
Fiat
low
low
very high
very high
medium
medium
Bitcoin
highest
high
very high
very high
highest
highest
Closing the Loop: Money vs Currency
Understanding the distinction

Money (Store of Value)

Primary Function: Preserve wealth across time

Most Critical Traits:

  • Scarcity → protects against debasement
  • Durability → survives across generations

Currency (Medium of Exchange)

Primary Function: Facilitate daily trade

Most Critical Traits:

  • Portability → easy to move and transfer
  • Divisibility → break into smaller units
  • Verifiability → quickly confirm authenticity
  • Fungibility → one unit equals another
Closing Insights

The history of money is the history of human trust.

Inflation is not random. It's designed.

Each shift in money's design shifts who gains and who loses.

The future of money is a choice we make — not one imposed on us.

If we view the concept of money as a social technology, which assets check the boxes necessary for you to store your economic output?